Course Belonging in Online and Face-to-Face Classes: Contextual Differences in Student Experience
Snider, L., Cox, L., Agudelo, A., Porven, Y., Lajoie, A., Villarreal, T. & Eichas, K. (2026, March).
Overview
This study tested whether the Brief Course Belonging Scale (BCBS) functions equivalently for online and face-to-face college courses. Results supported partial scalar invariance, indicating the overall factor structure is comparable across contexts, though some item-level differences suggest caution when comparing latent means.